Legal Definition of Retaliation Under Federal Law

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Federal Anti-Retaliation Statutes

Title VII Retaliation Protection: Title VII's anti-retaliation provision is one of the strongest in employment law: - Prohibits retaliation against employees who oppose discriminatory practices - Protects participation in discrimination investigations, proceedings, or hearings - Covers both formal complaints and informal opposition to discrimination - Applies regardless of whether underlying discrimination claim has merit Other Federal Anti-Retaliation Laws: - Americans with Disabilities Act: Protects against retaliation for requesting accommodations or opposing disability discrimination - Age Discrimination in Employment Act: Prohibits retaliation for age discrimination complaints - Equal Pay Act: Protects employees who challenge pay discrimination - Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act: Covers retaliation for GINA-related complaints

Three Elements of Retaliation Claims

Protected Activity: Employee must engage in activity protected by law: - Opposition: Objecting to or complaining about discriminatory practices - Participation: Taking part in discrimination investigations, hearings, or proceedings - Request for accommodation: Seeking reasonable accommodations under ADA Adverse Employment Action: Employer must take action that could deter reasonable employee from engaging in protected activity: - Traditional adverse actions: termination, demotion, discipline, pay reduction - Non-traditional adverse actions: isolation, exclusion, schedule changes, reference refusal - Burlington Northern standard: Any action that might dissuade reasonable worker from making discrimination complaint Causal Connection: Must show connection between protected activity and adverse action: - Temporal proximity between complaint and adverse action - Differential treatment compared to similarly situated employees - Departure from normal procedures or past practice - Evidence of retaliatory animus or motive

Expanded Protection Under Burlington Northern

Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway Co. v. White (2006): Supreme Court significantly expanded retaliation protection: - Retaliation standard broader than underlying discrimination standards - Adverse action need not affect terms and conditions of employment - Must only be materially adverse from perspective of reasonable employee - Includes actions that occur outside immediate workplace context Practical Impact: Post-Burlington Northern, retaliation claims cover: - Actions that don't rise to level of adverse employment actions for discrimination claims - Conduct affecting employee's overall work experience - Non-workplace retaliation (references to new employers, professional reputation damage) - Subtle forms of workplace punishment and isolation

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